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welcome to this edition of NASA images
I'm Lynn Bondurant during this show
we're focusing on historic NASA
documentary footage showing how
satellite service the short films we are
about to see our Aeronautics and Space
reports and we'll begin with the portion
of one released in 1965 there were two
tyros weather satellites placed in orbit
tyros nine and Tyros 10 between them
they spotted five hurricanes and 14
typhoons their television eyes
transmitted thousands of photographs of
the entire Earth to aid weather
forecasters early bird one the world's
first commercial communication satellite
was launched by NASA for the
communication satellite corporation
early bird provides telephone telegraph
high-speed data and television between
Europe and the United States one of the
14 scientific satellites launched was an
orbiting solar observatory also to all
souls instruments provided information
on the seething hot gases surrounding
the Sun and how its tremendous energy
controls events on earth and other
planets another filmed report released
two years later in 1967 tells how
communication satellites quickly linked
up the world okay we're going straight
up let it fill up because of the
following special one-hour broadcast
programs previously scheduled at this
time will not be seen
I'm I to wipe to the bird and make a
library Liberty white
Mexico is on the line Mexico is feeding
the bird right x1
this event television beamed via
satellite is now commonplace to make it
possible an experimental program was
initiated in 1958 to develop the
technology the capability for
communication satellite systems the
advantage of satellite communications is
height microwave transmitted in a
straight line carries telephone teletype
and TV but a hill in the path of a
microwave tower can block the signal and
the system stopped at the ocean's edge
until we had communication satellites
echo NASA's first experimental system
was a passive communication satellite
passive because it served as a giant
mirror reflecting signals transmitted by
one ground station to the receiver of
another then telstar and investigations
of active communication satellites
called active because they have the
ability to receive amplify and
retransmits signals to distant locations
it was AT&T still star that provided the
first live intercontinental television
transmission in 1962
presley page because telstar was in
sight of ground stations for short
periods of time transmissions were
intermittent another medium altitude
satellite was NASA's relay 1 and 2
thousands of tests and experiments were
conducted over relay many involving
transatlantic and trans-pacific
television transmissions next a
high-altitude satellite orbiting at the
same relative speed as Earth appearing
to hover at one point at all times
NASA's experimental simcom satellites
were the first to be placed in such
synchronous orbits it was via syncom 3
that live television coverage of the
Tokyo Olympic Games was accomplished
from experimental to operational the
communications satellite corporation
adapted the sin calm design concept to
the world's first commercial
communication satellite early bird one
with early bird and later operational
communication satellites long-distance
telephone telegraph and television
transmissions have become a common
occurrence here heart surgery seen
thousands of miles away as it was
performed to test even newer
communications concepts NASA is placing
in orbit a series of applications
technology satellites they will be used
to try out new systems for improving
aircraft communication color television
and many other advanced experiments
whether spanning continents or oceans
experimental and operational
communication satellites are playing an
increasingly vital role
not only our satellites used to help the
world communicate better but they are
used to peer into the universe as this
1971 film shows recently a small
astronomy satellite nicknamed SAS was
launched from a platform of Kenya South
Africa managing the project for NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland
mrs. marjorie townsend here she
describes the SAS mission the mission of
the small astronomy satellite is to map
the celestial sphere for x-ray sources
these are stars that radiate x-rays and
it's only since the advent of the Space
Age that we even knew that there were
stars in the sky that did send out
x-rays because x-rays don't penetrate
the atmosphere the astrophysicists hope
that they will help to learn the origin
of the universe from the data that they
get back the best launch site from which
to launch high-energy astronomy
experiments is near the equator at the
san marco launch site owned and operated
by the italian government this
particular launch site is a very large
barge elevated on several legs above the
surface of the ocean three miles east of
the coast of Kenya in the Indian Ocean
sass one weighs about 318 pounds and is
orbiting the Earth every hour and a half
sending back large quantities of data we
asked mrs. Townsend how they ensure the
spacecraft does what it's supposed to
once in space a very great deal of
effort and testing goes into building a
successful spacecraft for example every
transistor and integrated circuit is
tested with an x-ray machine to see if
there's anything inside that could cause
a problem later on only tested
components are used in the fabrication
of circuit cards that eventually go into
the spacecraft
the inter connecting harness is built
with very great care and tested with
extreme care as is each circuit card
before they're all put together into the
final spacecraft configuration then the
total spacecraft is checked electrically
for many many hours to make sure that
it's performing perfectly the small
astronomy satellite a little spacecraft
doing a big job another job
earth-orbiting satellites perform is
earth observation satellites can look at
earth below to find natural resources
and can do many other important jobs to
this 1972 pre-launch film shows us such
a satellite it's called the earth
resources technology satellite weighing
nearly a ton the butterfly shaped craft
is 10 feet tall by 11 feet wide this is
the business end of the Earth's
satellite housed here are the cameras
and sensors that will always be pointed
earthward seeing and electronically
touching the earth what can the Earth's
see and sense from its vantage point in
space these are some of the things
experimenters hope to study it can
detect water pollution trends and
monitor pollutant concentrations in our
air by showing rainfall and snow levels
allow quicker prediction of potential
floods monitor crop conditions provide
timber inventories spot land-use
patterns locate underwater features in
our oceans that are hazardous to
navigation catalog surface rocks and
mineral formation chart changes in ocean
currents and generally improve the
mapping of earth the earth resources
technology satellite will soon be
launched by NASA into a 564 mile high
orbit circling the world 14 times daily
the Earth's cameras and sensors will
methodically record over
lapping images of large sections of the
globe earth resources technology
satellite a revolutionary tool that
holds great promise for continually
charting our planet and its resources
now let's see a post launch film clip
from 1975 which shows results from the
Landsat earth resources satellite color
infrared photography was developed as a
camouflage detection film during the
Second World War now the film is
designed to record the reflected energy
as read and this is why on color
infrared film you'll see that vegetation
trees or grasses and so on show up is
red and simply insert it these four
areas here on this very north is keef of
the earth resources observation system
at nasa's space technology laboratories
near New Orleans he actually works for
the Department of Interior several other
federal and state agencies make use of
the big NASA facility where moon rocket
engines were tested during project
Apollo Gary North spends a lot of his
time showing city planners
conservationists engineers and farmers
how to read and acquired Landsat
satellite pictures pictures that could
usefully serve their individual needs we
find it's almost an old cliche but to
say that most people don't know what's
happening they're not familiar with the
fact that the Department of Interior has
a space program or that nASA has
designed an earth resources satellite
which helps may in inventory resources
and look at pollution and so on usually
they thought of Apollo launches or the
actual main theme of the Apollo program
to lay in the safely return man from the
moon we've all heard you know what are
the applications beyond this type of
thing and and the remote sensing space
business is one of the biggest ones we
feel North described information that
could be helpful in several areas the
use of the remotely sensed data for
geologic applications is one of the most
promising at the present time being able
to detect new the geologic structure
faults liniments these types of things
hold a great key to potential new
deposits of minerals and petroleum and
so on geographic applications usually
take the form of land-use analysis this
is land-use mapping and planning or any
basic natural resource inventory
assessment program and we find that with
the satellite data that you can pretty
well map such categories as agriculture
forestry water urban areas in the field
of snow monitoring where the snow line
is therefore as it melts during the
spring maybe we can have a better idea
of the amount of water that enters the
ground and surface water systems and
just monitoring the surface extent of
lakes and ponds or an area like in South
Florida where water is very important to
the wildlife the Everglades National
Park and of course the human systems
Miami and so on they must all draw this
type of thing and we can watch this with
a repetitive coverage your satellite
data comes with four blocks from mapping
to monitoring range lands and grasslands
to land sense 570 miles out in space
continuously survey our natural
resources and return thousands of useful
images that can be made quickly
available from computer storage to
anyone who needs them that you think
might be of use to you in the field of
communications nasa over the years has
developed experimental communication
satellites which were used to advance
the state-of-the-art this pre launch
1974 film describes one of those
satellites it's called atsf well 80 S
stands for application technology
satellite dr. Wernher von Braun is vice
president for engineering and
development Fairchild industries builder
of the soon-to-be-launched atsf
spacecraft through master ground
stations ATS will broadcast television
programs to small inexpensive antenna
receivers in other words for the first
time here a satellite has enough power
in enough beaming capability installed
but the signal received on the ground is
strong enough or is
essentially by a normal television
receiver as a result we can equip
thousands of remote locations with
receiver sets that can get the benefit
of direct television the most dominant
part of a TS is its 30-foot antenna that
beam signals to the ground it's shown
here unfolding as it will in space from
its twenty three thousand mile high
orbit 80's can travel around the earth
once every 24 hours since the Earth
rotates at the same speed the satellite
appears stationary during its first year
of operation it will be put to good use
over the United States one of its major
jobs will be to provide health services
to remote regions imagine a nurse in
remote settlement in Alaska is trying to
give birth to a baby and runs into a
medical complication then she can talk
back through the satellite using
satellite as a relay to get the advice
and support from a medical doctor see in
the contiguous states or even from
Anchorage and he in turn can provide
pictorial material as well as voice
assistance to the nurse while he is
delivering the baby on real-time in
other words besides the health services
educational programs ranging from career
guidance to teacher training will be
telecast to those who need it most it
has been estimated that in the Rocky
Mountain States alone there are about
three million adult illiterate in
addition there of course the children
who also sometimes have very marginal
school opportunities now as far as
Alaska is concerned there are about
300,000 people in Alaska and 50,000 of
these people are estimated to live in
settlements that have no permanent road
access and of course during the winter
months and windows about eight months in
the last card of a year they are not
accessible at all because of ice and
snow and darkness so they are completely
excuse me quedo and with this satellite
system
effective school service could be
rendered to these settlements in Alaska
as well during the second year of
operation some five thousand villages in
India will receive telecasts from 80s
this example was India where seventy
percent of a population of 570 million
people will benefit from communication
satellites by having at last some
education available to themselves as a
classical example our program that
allegedly was the sort of a thing only
the super rich can afford is now
directly benefiting the poorest of the
poor health and educational television
transmissions navigation and air traffic
control weather research these are but a
few of many experiments plan for the new
applications technology satellite the
next film made in 1975 shows how the
applications technology satellite was
used as a teaching aid
like a flowers its way
the Rocky Mountains one-third the
landmass of the united states yet
inhabited by only four percent of the
nation's people thousands of small
communities inaccessible by ordinary
means of communication exist in relative
isolation now with the help of NASA's
application technology satellites a
unique educational services being
offered to many of these remote
locations good morning welcome to timing
I'm gene getting I'm Karen beard today
we'd like to talk with blanding Utah and
buzzy Montana we can to test the
effectiveness of the system junior high
school students in 56 rural schools
scattered over eight states including
this one in blanding Utah receive
educational television programs daily
the program's dealing with decision
making and career education are
transmitted via satellite from the
Federation of Rocky Mountain States
television production Center in Denver
using simple inexpensive antennas the
schools receive color television and a
three of the sites in each state the
students can also talk to their TV
teachers in Denver it's called
interaction there is Tuesday as you know
that means that today's program talked
about decision-making again it talked a
little bit about investigating the your
alternatives gathering information about
them checking out their reliability and
their probability so let's get right on
deal question
planning with this is BS everyone why
are the three did you making process is
so important question from landing is
why is it why are the decision why is
the decision making process so important
how many people make decisions
throughout their lifetime that they
don't look at all the possible options
that they have in fact many decisions
are made without having all the
information we asked some of the
students at san juan junior high school
in blanding how they feel they are
benefiting from the satellite
transmitted TV well let's paola do a
certain job will other good do you tell
them to stuff like that on TV you can
learn young
sad like coconut Oh their mouths hmm
how much education I need to get a
certain job modest oh how to make
decisions and your critters and what
kind of interests and abilities you need
in certain careers Oh get you out of
going through another class another
major part of the satellite television
transmissions is a course offered every
two weeks for teachers not directly
involved in the career education
programming as with the student
interaction so to the teachers can talk
directly to the experts in Denver be a
71 week min please this is landing we
had a question concerning the financing
or the funds that work the way that you
went about raising a fund for this fair
over how about the process of raising
funds for this fair the first year that
we did it we did seek initial funding
and we went to the Junior League and the
Chamber of Commerce and the State
Department's of Education for that
funding
education via satellite extending
communications into remote locations
through the nation's first widespread
trial of educational space technology
weather satellites of course have been
very important servants for people
across the world our next short clip
from 1975 commemorates the 15th
anniversary of weather satellites
launched by NASA
facility oh it's intricate bits but
we've come a long way in weather
forecasting since the early balloon
launching days thanks mainly to weather
satellites just 15 years ago this month
NASA launched the first Tyros weather
satellite from Cape Canaveral the views
of Earth were pretty rudimentary
compared to today's high quality
pictures but they proved that routine
global weather observation by a
satellite was possible with each
succeeding one these weather sentinels
have become more and more sophisticated
here the synchronous meteorological
satellite two are already in orbit with
a third scheduled for launch this fall
besides transmitting cloud cover
pictures every 30 minutes day and night
SMS can receive and send environmental
information from thousands of manned and
unmanned data collection platforms
located at sea in rivers lakes and on
land the synchronous meteorological
satellite pictures are made into film
loops daily at the world weather center
near Washington DC to show cloud
movement over oceans and land masses
meteorologists are hopeful that this
kind of information will give them clues
to the weather conditions that for
instance cause tornadoes and other
fast-moving weather systems weather
satellites over the past 15 years they
have returned more than two million
pictures provided advanced warnings and
allowed no major storm anywhere on the
globe to go undetected our next clip
from 1977 is about an astronomy
satellite which was about to be launched
since the beginning man has been
intrigued by the stars stars spend most
of their lives quietly burning away
their nuclear fuels as if they were
giant reactors they are much more
efficient at producing energy than is
our primitive burning of fuels on earth
today the sun is a small star yet one
second of its output is equal to all the
energy ever consumed on earth great
potential benefits may come from
studying and understanding the stars how
they produce energy and then how they
transmitted over millions of miles of
empty space losing little if any of its
intensity along the way all astronomy
was done by human eyes and telescopes
before space exploration with men and
satellites allowed scientists to lift
their instruments above the Earth's
distorting atmosphere high energy
streaming out from the stars is hidden
by this atmosphere this is he'll short
for high-energy astronomy observatory it
is the first of three such star Watchers
being readied by trw for launch between
now and 1979 weighing nearly three tons
jijo is made up of two parts and
experiments module and a spacecraft
module once in space this first
high-energy astronomy observatory will
rotate slowly so that over a six-month
period of time it will scan the entire
cosmos mapping everything it observes
pulsars quasars supernovae and black
holes heal a new space observatory to
help us understand how extremely high
energies are generated in space perhaps
unlocking secrets of the evolution of
the universe even showing new ways to
generate power here on earth Eoin was
successfully launched in august 12 1977
the satellite was one of the heaviest
launched up until then now let's see a
very short 1977 clip showing animation
about one of heels first discoveries how
stars produce the energy that makes them
burn so bright and then how they
transmit the
through millions of miles of space
losing very little intensity along the
way is of great interest to scientists
to study the stars EO one high-energy
Astronomy Observatory was launched in
august already heels instruments have
found a gigantic star whose x-ray
radiation increases violently over a
period of time then returns to normal
po1 will be joined in its task of
mapping the sky for x-ray sources by two
other observatories in the future that's
all we have for this edition of NASA
images but before we go let me remind
you that you are cordially invited to
see displays here at the Visitor Center
at the NASA Lewis Research Center we are
located near the Hopkins international
airport in Cleveland admission is free
from the Lewis Research Center this is
lynn Bondurant Cabaye
you